Student expulsion and suspension rarely achieve their stated ends, beyond removing students who might otherwise have been disruptive to classes.

Differentiation is a hallmark of modern education. Most schools have long-since moved past the school-as-factory model in favor of strategies and practices that support students through more personalized instruction.

To reduce the achievement gap, schools can implement innovative schedules aimed at improving student learning; the use of time is a valuable but often untapped resource.